1. Introduction International organisations (IOs) are central to global governance, addressing issues from peace and security to economic stability. A key question surrounding their legitimacy is whether they represent the world equally. “Equal representation” can be interpreted in several ways. It could mean formal equality, where each sovereign state has ...
Read ARTICLEAssessing Equality of Representation in UN, IMF, and World Bank Governance Structures
Original essay question / assignment brief Yes — this is a strong research topic for your broader international law / ...
Read ArticleThe Limits of Sovereignty in International Law
Introduction The concept of state sovereignty has long been considered the foundation of the international legal order, suggesting that each ...
Read ArticleThe Politics of International Courts
Introduction International courts are formal institutions established by treaties between states to adjudicate disputes and, in some cases, prosecute individuals ...
Read ArticleWhy Women Are Still Underrepresented in Peace Negotiations
Introduction Despite the existence of a comprehensive international framework designed to promote women’s involvement in peace and security, women remain ...
Read ArticleLegal Advice on the Actions of States B, C and D
To: The President of State A From: Legal Advisor Date: 15 October 2026 Re: Advice on the legality of actions ...
Read ArticleAdvise The lawfulness of the treaty between State A and State B and that of the transfer of minority people X by State A
This advice will assess the lawfulness of the actions of State A as presented in the scenario. It will be ...
Read ArticleIs customary law relevant in Malaysia?
Introduction The Malaysian legal system is a pluralistic one, drawing from various sources. These sources are broadly divided into written ...
Read ArticleHow International Law Responds to Gender-Based Violence: Legal Protection, Accountability and the Implementation Gap
Introduction Gender-based violence (GBV) is a widespread and persistent human rights violation. The World Health Organization estimates that around 1 ...
Read ArticleReproductive Rights as a Political Issue: The Gap Between International Commitments and National Policies
Introduction Reproductive rights are often discussed as personal healthcare matters, yet access to these rights is strongly influenced by political ...
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